What is partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM)?

Partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) was widely implemented to improve the rheological properties of displacing fluids, but the high temperature and salinity of the reservoir brine limited their applications.

How do cations affect the hydrolysis of Pam/HPAM polymers?

These cations not only can form complexes (gels or precipitates) with the carboxylic groups with HAPM to alter their rheological and phase properties, they can also catalyze the amide hydrolysis reaction to increase the degree of hydrolysis of PAM/HPAM polymers.

Can Pam/HPAM polymers be applied in high-temperature/high-salinity reservoir conditions?

In order to apply PAM/HPAM polymers in high-temperature/high-salinity (HT/HS) reservoir conditions, it is important to mitigate cationic effects on hydrolysis and stability.

What is Pam & HPAM biodegradation?

PAM and HPAM biodegradation occur when microbes utilize the amide group of the polymer as a nitrogen source and/or the polymer carbon backbone as a carbon source. Microbial biodegradation is favored since it yields higher removal efficiency without additional environmental pollution (Liu et al., 2016; Nyyssölä & Ahlgren, 2019).

What is thermal stability of water soluble polyacrylamide (PAM) and partially hydrolyzed polymers?

Thermal stability of water-soluble polyacrylamide (PAM) and partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) polymers under various solution conditions have been studied utilizing Quantum Mechanics Density Functional Theory (DFT) computational modeling method.

What is cationic polyacrylamide (C-PAM)?

Cationic polyacrylamide (C-PAM), copolymerized from acrylamide and substituted acrylate or acrylamide segments, offers an alternative to PHPA and exhibits high stability under high TDS conditions 28.